The present study focuses on the application of a therapeutic strategy in patients with chronic severe lower limb ischaemia using a plasmid vector encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor (phVEGF165). It has been shown that VEGF promotes neo-vascularization and blood vessel network formation and thus might have the ability to improve blood-flow at the level of the affected limbs. However, little information is available regarding the necessary level of expression of VEGF and its possible related adverse effects. We have subcloned VEGF165isoform into pCMV-Script expression vector (Stratagene) under the control of the CMV promoter. Three patients with chronic ischaemia of the lower limb, considered as not suitable for surgical re-vascularization, received intramuscular injection with 0.5 ml saline solution containing 1011 copies of VEGF165 plasmid. The clinical evolution has been monitored by angiography and estimated by walking time on the rolling carpet (Gardner protocol). Two months after therapy, all three patients showed complete relief of rest pain, improvement of ischaemic ulcer lesions and increased walking distance on the rolling carpet most probably due to appearance of newly formed collateral vessels.
Cardiovascular disease represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with atherosclerosis being one of the main pathological mechanism involved. Previous studies have shown a strong relationship between atherosclerosis promoting factors (high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, sedentariness) and the development of the peripheral ischaemic disease (Brown et al. 1972; Helmlinger et al. 2000). This condition affects mainly the arteries of the lower limb leading to decreased blood flow with subsequent ischaemic lesions. Severe lower limb ischaemia accounts for 70% of the 150 million lower limb amputations (Eskelinen et al. 2004).
Conventional treatment of lower limb ischaemia has two main components: conservative and interventional/surgical therapy. The conservative approach includes modification of the risk factors (smoking cessation, control of glycaemia and blood pressure, decrease of lipid levels) associated with anti-platelet therapy (aspirin). Ischaemic rest pain is alleviated with pain medication ad libitum associated with correction of any underlying systemic cause of low blood flow (such as cardiac failure). Patients not responding to conservative therapy are candidates for surgical treatment, revascularization (angioplasty, stent placement and bypass surgery with autologous veins or prosthetic conduits) and amputation.
Gene therapy with vascularization promoting factors (VEGF, angiopoietins, hepatocyte growth factor) has been established as a potential strategy for inducing re-vascularization in patients with severe lower limb ischaemia (Isner et al. 1996; Isner et al. 1998; Thurston et al. 2000; Rajagopalan et al. 2001; Shyu et al. 2003; Gerritsen 2005).
In contrast to other polypeptide mitogens, VEGF (also called vascular promoting factor) is primarily active on vascular endothelial cells. Analysis of VEGF transcripts by PCR, DNA cloning (Tischer et al. 1991) or RT-PCR (Poltorak et al. 1997) identified 5 isoforms with 121, 141, 145, 165 and 189 amino acids. VEGF controls blood vessel formation and permeability by interacting with 2 endothelial tyrosine kinase receptors FLT 1 and KDR/FLK 1. VEGF165 seems to be the predominant form and has a specific receptor (VEGF165R) identical to neuropilin-1 (Bacic et al. 1995; Soker et al. 1998).
VEGF expression is regulated by the level of glycaemia and oxygen, both hypoglycaemia and hypoxia being strong inducers of VEGF synthesis (Helmlinger et al. 2000; Dantz et al. 2002). Reduced tissue level of nutrients and oxygen are common features of peripheral ischaemic disease, thus providing a rationale for using VEGF in the treatment of chronic lower limb ischaemia.
Nevertheless, VEGF therapy for lower limb ischaemia is still controversial and very few data are known about the level of expression necessary in order to achieve a therapeutic effect and, even more, about the related side effects. Recent reports indicated that transgenic (Thurston et al. 1999) or adenoviral (Thurston et al. 2000) over-expression of VEGF resulted in formation of leaky vessels in laboratory animals (Isner et al. 1998; Blau and Banfi 2001) and that plasmid-based intramuscular VEGF gene transfer led to transient oedema in human subjects (Baumgartner et al. 2000). Combinations of VEGF with other growth factors (such as with angiopoeitin-1, hepatocyte growth factor) have been tested as alternative strategies to promote new vessel growth and limit the oedema associated with VEGF (Gerritsen 2005).
The present study evaluates the clinical outcome (rest pain, claudication, evolution of ischaemic ulcerative lesions, walking distance on rolling carpet as assessed by Gardner protocol) and angiographically assesses the formation of new blood vessels after VEGF165 gene therapy in patients with severe chronic lower limb ischaemia.
Methods
Study design
We designed a single blind study aiming at analysing the possible effect of VEGF165 muscle overexpression on the clinical evolution of the patients diagnosed with lower limb severe chronic ischaemia unresponsive to classical treatment.
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timisoara, Romania.
Patients
Patients (35–53 years old) with severe lower limb ischaemia admitted at the Institute for Cardiovascular Disease from Timisoara, Romania were screened for this study based on specific clinical and laboratory investigations. We focused our study on lower limb ischaemia patients for whom the amputation was the only therapeutic alternative left.
Inclusion criteria
(1)
Evidence of severe lower limb ischaemia, including rest pain (not responding to analgesic therapy) and skin ulcerous lesions (that had not healed after at least 1 month of conventional therapy).
(2)
Angiography showing obliteration of limb arteries.
(3)
Unsuitability for surgical or percutaneous revascularization based on usual practice standards.
Exclusion criteria
(1)
Women of fertile age undergoing treatment with antiplatelet or thrombolytic medication started less than 1 month prior to the onset of the procedure
(2)
Patients under therapy with prostaglandins (less than 3 months prior to the onset of the procedure) and immunosuppressants.
(3)
History of osteomyelitis, coronary diseases, stroke, renal insufficiency, hepatitis, diabetes and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, malignancy.
(4)
Admission to a recuperative care program based on physical therapy.
All patients have undertaken screening tests (blood, urine, stool exam, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasonography, ophthalmologic examination) prior to admission into the program.
Patients gave their written informed consent for being taken into the study and subjected to the therapeutic procedure.
Patient monitorisation after procedure
We designed a two step follow-up protocol meant to accurately monitor the changes in the health status of our patients and to allow a prompt response in case of a life threatening situation. The early phase spanned the first three days post-therapy and consisted of a close clinical monitoring of general health status, evolution of the ischaemia symptoms and the appearance of possible side-effects of therapy (oedema of the cured lower limb, fever, increased levels of acute phase reactants). The second step of monitorisation phase scheduled clinical tests (walking test, ankle-brachial index), control angiography, investigation of acute phase reactant levels, ophthalmologic examination, routine hematology and blood chemistry, and urinalysis at two, four and eight weeks post procedure.
VEGF165 vector construction and multiplication
Human Lung cDNA from Clontech was used for multiplication and insertion of the VEGF165 gene (GenBank accession no. AB021221) into the pCVM-Script mammalian expression vector (Stratagene) under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer. The VEGF165 specific cDNA was amplified by PCR using the following primers: 5′-ttggccgaattcatgaactttctgctgtcttgggt-3′ and 5′-tttggccctcgagtcaccgcctcggcttgtcac-3′. The primers contain the restriction sites for EcoRI and XhoI enzymes, subsequently used for insertion of the VEGF165 cDNA into the expression vector.
PCR reaction was carried out in a final volume of 20 μl containing 50 ng genomic DNA, 1x HotStar Taq DNA Polymerase buffer with 1.5 mM MgCl2 (Qiagen), 4 pmoles of each primer, 1UI HotStar Taq DNA Polymerase (Quiagen) and 2.5 mM dNTPs. PCR amplification conditions were as follows: initial denaturation and HotStar Taq Polymerase activation at 95°C for 15 min; 35 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 62°C with 45 s extension at 72°C; final extention of 7 min at 72°C. In order to verify the nucleotidic sequence of the obtained VEGF165 specific cDNA, the amplicons were subsequently bidirectionally sequenced using the BigDye Terminator sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions on an ABI Prism 310 capillary electrophoresis device (Applied Biosystems). The obtained sequence was compared with the GenBank reference sequence with the aid of the Sequencing Analysis v3.1 (Applied Biosystems) software.
The VEGF165 cDNA was cut with EcoRI and XhoI (Promega) followed by ligation using the T4 DNA Ligase System (Promega) purified from agarose gel with MiniElute Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) and introduced into pCMV-Script liniarised vector using the T4 DNA Ligase System (Promega).
For transformation and selection of clones we used XL1-Blue Supercompetent Cells (Stratagene) cultured at 37°C on LB Agar plates containing kanamicin. In order to verify the presence of the insert, the selected colonies were tested by PCR and sequenced as described above.
The colonies containing the correct insert were then cultured overnight at 37°C on LB Broth liquid medium. Vector purification was performed using the GenElute HP Plasmid Maxiprep Kit (Sigma) following the manufacturer’s protocol; purity and quantity of the obtained vector were measured by UV spectrometry. The measured 260/280 ratio showed no protein contamination, being constantly over 1.9, and the quantity obtained was around 1.3 × 1013 copies of vector.
VEGF165 vector conditioning and administration
The whole quantity of purified vector was brought to 50 ml in sterile Falcon tubes with 0.9% NaCl sterile perfusion solution. The obtained solution was then subjected to a standard sterility verification protocol, by cultivating 1 ml in bullion medium for 5 days followed by subsequent cultivation on aerobe and anaerobe specific media, respectively. No bacterial growth was observed in any case.
Administration was performed by intramuscular injection of a total of 3 mls saline solution containing 1011/ml copies of vector into the thigh (6 injections) and calf muscles (10 injections) (at 3–4 cm intervals), on a trajectory with potential angiogenic benefit, as judged by the most recent angiography of the ischaemic leg (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
The injection sites
Results
Among the 39 patients screened we found 3 patients elligible for the study; the remaining 36 patients met the criteria for interventional revascularization.
The study group included 1 male and 2 females with ages ranging from 35 to 53 years old; the clinical data of the patients (prior and post therapeutic intervention) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Clinical and angiographic findings before and after VEGF gene therapy
Clinical history and findings before gene therapy
Outcomes after gene therapy (2 months)
No.
Gender
Age (years)
Diagnosis
Signs/symptoms
Angiographic findings
Signs/symptoms
Angiographic findings
1
Female
46
Thromboangiitis obliterans; critical ischaemia of the left foot
Claudication at 200 m, resting pain, toe gangrene (digits IV–V)
Complete occlusion of the superficial femoral artery, without blood supply in the popliteal artery through collateral vessels, perfusion only in the distal half of the peroneal artery
Claudication at 350 m, resting pain decreased, gangrene area reduced (digit V)
No detectable changes
2
Female
35
Chronic obliterative arteriopathy of the right lower limb, stage II B; critical ischaemia of the right foot
Claudication at 150 m, resting pain, toe gangrene (digit I)
Occlusion in the proximal region of the right anterior tibial artery, occlusion in the middle region of the posterior tibial artery
Claudication at 450 m, resting pain decreased, gangrene area reduced
No detectable changes
3
Male
53
Chronic obliterative arteriopathy of the left lower limb, stage II B
Claudication at 50 m, resting pain
Chronic bilateral occlusion of the superficial femoral artery, occlusion of the left popliteal artery and left calf arteries.
Claudication at 200 m, resting pain decreased
Visible new formed collateral vessels at the level of the calf
Following gene therapy all patients showed an initial temporary increase of the acute phase reactant levels (C-reactive protein) with peaks within the first 6–48 h, reaction which was considered normal after intramuscular administration of the plasmid vectors (Fig. 2). No local oedema was observed in any of the patients at the sites of injection. One patient (number 3 in Table 1) developed a short episode of fever (38.6°C) at 2 h after injection, but this was completely controlled by administration of 100 mg hydrocortisone hemisuccinate.
Fig. 2
Changes in C-Reactive Protein value assessed before (baseline) and after (6 h and 2 months) gene therapy
Erythrocite sedimentation rate decreased significantly in patient 1 with a minimum at 48 h. In the case of the other 2 patients (and in contrast with the C-reactive proteine levels) we observed minimal increases of the sedimentation rates with peaks at 24 h and 48 h, respectively (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate value (mm/h) assessed before (baseline) and after (6 h and 2 months) gene therapy
Patients were followed-up by physical examination (including change in ischemic ulcers), walking test, control angiography, measurements of ankle-brachial index, acute phase reactant levels at 14 days, 1 month and 2 months after the therapeutic procedure was performed.
All patients showed a marked diminution of the resting pain in the first 2 weeks with consecutive decrease of use of analgesics; this improvement in resting pain was maintained for the following weeks.
Examination of the lower limb showed signs of improved nutrition of the tissues, with increased local temperature and reduction of the area of ulcerative lesions. Both patient number 1 and number 2 presented with incipient ischaemic gangrene at the beginning of the study and both showed a significant decrease in the area of gangrene after therapy (see Table 1 and Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Patient with chronic lower limb ischaemia. Pictures were taken on day 0 (left) and 2 months after VEGF gene therapy (right)
All 3 patients showed significant improvement of the performance in the walking test at 2 months after therapeutic intervention (Fig. 5). The ankle-brachial index did not show significant changes in any of the three patients suggesting that the central blood-flow axis in the calf was not significantly modified (data not shown).
Fig. 5
Chart representing the walking test results for the 3 patients before gene therapy (the first symbol on each coloured line), after 1 month (the second symbol on each coloured line) and 2 months (the third symbol on each coloured line), respectively
Control angiographies at two weeks, one months and 2 months after gene transfer were negative for signs of progression of atherosclerosis or neo-vascularization. In one case (patient number 3 in Table 1) we were able to detect on the angiography performed two months after the procedure a fine, subtle network of new collateral blood vessels at the level of the calf (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6
Angiographic assessment of collateral vessel formation in 1 patient. Compared to the angiography performed before VEGF gene therapy, new developed collateral vessels were visibile at the calf level two months after plasmid injection (see the encircled area)
Further assessment of the clinical and angiographic status will be performed at 6 months interval in the future.
Discussion
Patients with chronic severe lower limb ischaemia classified as not suitable for conventional revascularization therapy (so-called “no-option patients”) represent 10–15% of all patients with peripheral artery disease and usually receive only conservative management such as pain control and vasodilators (Wolfe 1986; Albers et al. 1992). Both the prognosis and quality of life for these patients are poor. Up to now, no pharmacological therapy has been shown to improve the natural history of severe lower limb ischaemia (Stapanavatr et al. 2004).
Collateral vessels could provide an important blood flow in the case of arterial occlusion. Angiogenic gene therapy aims to increase collateral vessels in ischaemic areas by the injection of angiogenic factor. Consequently, the limb ischaemia is reduced and the clinical symptoms such as claudication, resting pain, evolution of ischaemic wounds are improved leading to a better prognosis for these patients. VEGF has been proved as a specific mitogen for endothelial cells (Keck et al. 1989; Leung et al. 1989). Experimental and clinical studies have reported that VEGF could be an alternative treatment for patients with critical limb ischaemia because it induces the formation of new collateral vessel in ischaemic areas (Takeshita et al. 1994; Isner et al. 1996; Isner et al. 1998; Shyu et al. 2003).
Given previous results on animal models, there are concerns over the appearance of abnormal angiogenesis associated with the use of angiogenic growth factors (Bacic et al. 1995; Anghel et al. 2002). Studies in mice have shown that while over-expression of VEGF induces the growth of blood vessels, the capillaries are leaky, the tissues are inflamed and the blood vessels have an abnormal “corkscrew-like” shape. To address this problem in humans VEGF alone should either be delivered over the long-term, at the appropriate dose and time using regulatable vectors, or transiently at low levels (Blau and Banfi 2001). The results of a previous study have reported beneficial clinical effects for patients who received intramuscular administration of VEGF gene-carrying plasmid (phVEGF165)—this injection was repeated once at 4 weeks, resulting in a total of 4,000 μg phVEGF165(Kusumanto et al. 2006).
Our study on short term effects of angiogenic therapy in severe lower limb ischaemia suggests that muscle VEGF165 over-expression might constitute a promising therapeutic approach. We find significant that all three subjects showed an improved performance on the walking carpet, which suggests an increase in blood supply of the lower limb muscles. Surprisingly, the pressumed improvement in collateral blood flow was substantiated in only one case by a control angyography at two months after the procedure, with the appearance of a network of new collateral blood vessels. We are tempted to attribute the lack of signs of vascular neo-formation in the other two patients to the limitations inherent to this method of investigation. Current methods used to perform diagnostic contrast angiography cannot provide images of arteries measuring <200 μm in diameter (Takeshita et al. 1997). Thus, conventional angiographic techniques used in the present study may have failed to depict the full extent of angiogenesis achieved after gene therapy.
The most obvious result of our VEGF165 therapy study is a marked decrease of the pain (both resting pain and claudication, the use of antalgics) experienced by all three patients. We have noticed that the decrease of pain was more significant compared to the resolution of gangrene. It is possible that the decrease in ischaemic resting pain was caused not only by increased blood flow but also by recovery from ischaemic neuropathy. It has been demonstrated that over-expression of VEGF results in the restoration of large- and small-fiber peripheral nerve function in diabetic and ischaemic neuropathy models (Schratzberger et al. 2000; Isner et al. 2001; Schratzberger et al. 2001; Simovic et al. 2001; Veves et al. 2001).
We were not able to measure the levels of blood VEGF neither before nor after gene transfer. However, it has been reported that baseline plasma VEGF is highly variable and there is a marginal or no increase after intramuscular transfer of phVEGF165 (Freedman et al. 2002).
In conclusion, we describe the clinical evolution of three patients with chronic severe lower limb ischaemia treated with a single dose of intramuscular injection with naked plasmid DNA encoding the 165-amino acid isoform of VEGF. We show that excepting a transient increase of the acute phase reactant levels and an isolated fever episode, the procedure was well tolerated and showed no serious side effects directly related to gene transfer. One study has shown transient lower-extremity oedema in 52% of the patients who received intramuscular gene transfer for critical limb ischaemia. Development of oedema was unrelated to the dose of phVEGF165 and the treatment was typically limited to a brief course of oral diuretics (Baumgartner et al. 2000). It is noteworthy in our study that there was no evidence of oedema in patients transfected with the human VEGF gene.
We are aware that both the number of patients included in this study and the duration of the follow-up does not allow us to draw definitive conclusions regarding the benefits, drawbacks and safety of such a procedure. Particularly weakening our results is the lack of a control group. This is a direct result of the extremely low number of patients matching the inclusion criteria; a placebo “group” of one patient would have not added a statistical value to our study. None of the patients knew whether the intramuscular injections contained naked VEGF165 plasmid DNA or 0.9% NaCl. Given the low number of patients included in our study, we consider that this approach prevented a placebo bias.
Given the failure of previous conventional therapy we are tempted to state that overexpression of VEGF at the level of the thigh and calf muscles prevented the amputation, which would have been the only alternative left for the three patients.
Larger (and with a longer-term follow-up) studies are needed to assess the long term outcome (in terms of efficacy and safety) of VEGF-based therapy in patients with severe chronic lower limb ischaemia.
Summary
Gene therapy with vascularization promoting factors (VEGF, angiopoietins, hepatocyte growth factor) has been established as a potential strategy for inducing re-vascularization in patients with severe lower limb ischaemia. The present study evaluates the clinical outcome (rest pain, claudication, evolution of ischaemic ulcerative lesions, walking distance on rolling carpet as assessed by the Gardner protocol) and angiographically assesses the formation of new blood vessels after VEGF165 gene therapy in 3 patients with severe chronic lower limb ischaemia, showing that intramuscular VEGF gene transfer represents a promising therapeutic approach for patients who do not respond to conventional therapy.
Abbreviations
CMV:
cytomegalovirus
PCR:
Polymerase chain reaction
RT-PCR:
Real time PCR
FLK 1:
fetal liver kinase 1 (VEGF receptor 2)
FLT 1:
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (VEGF receptor 1)
KDR:
kinase insert domain receptor (a type III receptor tyrosine kinase)
VEGF:
Vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGF165:
VEGF isoform with 165 aminoacids
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu MD, PhD for reading this manuscript and making critical suggestions. This work was supported by the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research through a grant from the Academy of Medical Sciences—VIASAN Programme.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Biochemistry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara
(2)
Timisoara Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine
(3)
GeneticLab SRL
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